Technological Independence in Chinese-Western Philosophies of Technology
Gui Hong Cao

Abstract
This project aims to examine the theory of technological independence in Chinese-Western philosophies of technology. This paper argues for technological independence by debating whether technology and science represent two separate fields. It then proposes a technological independence program. Technological independence manifesto has distinct significance for technological education, research, and policy. Technological independence road mapping provides a means by which future-oriented technology analysis is applied to education, research, and policy. Technological independence road mapping can, and should, dynamically interact with and learn from other areas, including science, to achieve effective integrations in the social market. This process of development is measured by comparative data analysis and managed by a series of strategies in the inputs, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. Technological independence road mapping benefits technological education, research in the philosophy of technology and the history of technology, and technological policy. However, humans are ultimately responsible for the technologies they develop.

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